Conceptual Approaches to Learning Free Essay Example, 750 words

Conceptual Approaches to Learning of College Conceptual Approaches to Learning There are many different approaches to learning and many experts that suggest that learning develops in different ways. Most children learn in different ways, depending on what they are learning. There are many approaches that teachers and other experts take when approaching learning, and three approaches will be discussed in this paper: the cognitive approach, behavioral approach and neuroscience approach to learning. Cognitive Approach to Learning The cognitive approach to learning suggests that learners rely on their five senses to learn. This means that it is important for them to listen, touch, read or experience what they area learning (Oracle Education Foundation, 1999). The individual learner will actively process the information they receive as they receive it. In other words, the information they received comes into the brain and is synthesized by the individual as they make sense of it. Cognitive learning can help the learner understand a task when it cannot be understood through a series of steps. The cognitive process will provide the structure that steps in other types of tasks would provide (Jordan, 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on Conceptual Approaches to Learning or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now As an example, in a classroom of students there will be several students learning in different ways. Perhaps Alicia looks as though she is not listening, however, she is thinking about the information she is receiving. As she thinks about the things her teacher is saying to her, she is writing down notes or drawing in a way that helps her retain the information. Later, she will ask the teacher to show her what she is talking about to make sure she has everything correct. Behavioral Approach to Learning In contrast to the cognitive approach, the behavioral approach sees learning as the process of changing behavior. The behaviorists looked at how the environment would influence learning and how this process affected the individual (Huitt and Hummel, 2006). The behaviorists believed that the only time that learning took place was when the learner had actually changed their behavior in some way. Those teachers who use the behavioral approach to learning will most likely do several things that will condition the individual to understand what they are doing. They also believe that we as humans are conditioned by the world around us. We behave in a way that our conditioning has created. We do not behave through a conscious act, but rather through a reaction to a stimulus that either rewards or punishes us. The teacher might use tokens or stickers to work with a student through the behavioral method. The stickers or tokens would become the reward for giving the teacher the desired behav ior (Ford, 2009). The Neuroscience Approach to Learning The neuroscience approach to learning is most closely compared to the cognitive approach to learning because it involves the mind, the nervous system, perception, memory and consciousness. The neuroscience of learning also depends on changes that the neurons in the brain make in order to trigger learning and memory (Pan, 2005). This approach links the brain with the "observations about cognitive behavior" (Oktar, 2006) with the physical process that also help in the learning process. In looking at this approach to learning, the idea of consciousness has to be discussed. Experts have found that some areas of the brain have more to do with consciousness than others, and that consciousness depends on how an individuals brain actually functions. Each person has a way to open to their own consciousness but not the consciousness of other people (Oktar, 2006). When looking at neuroscience and behavior, it actually supports behavior in that the brain helps the individual process their behavior. It also helps an individual process the cognitive aspects of their learning (Oktar, 2006). Lieberman (2000) also suggests that people rely on intuition when they approach the world. Instead of learning through the environment per se, but the individual uses their intuition to understand whatever it is they are learning. The example is given of an individual who enters a romantic relationship. In it, they would use their intuition to decide whether they should date the individual. According to Lierberman, on a cognitive level, the individual is engaging in implicit learning, which is the type of learning an individual does without even thinking about it. This means that cognitive learning and neuroscience work together to bring into an individuals consciousness the understanding of what they are learning. Generally, the neuroscience approach to learning is more involved with the biological aspects of learning involving the brain, neurons and neuro-transmitters. The cognitive approach and the behavioral approach are enhanced by the neuroscience approach because they are brought together in the learning process. References Ford, P. (1 November 2009). Behavioral approach. Blog. Retrieved from http: //paulford. com/behavioural-approach-to-learning/ Huitt, W., & Hummel, J. (2006). An overview of the behavioral perspective. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved from http: //www. edpsycinteractive. org /topics/behsys/behsys. html Jordan, L. (2005). An introduction to cognitive strategies. Special Connections. Retrieved from http: //wwwspecialconnections. ku. edu/cgi- bin/cgiwrap/specconn/main. php? cat=instruction §ion=cs/main Lieberman, M.D. (2000). Intuition: a social cognitive neuroscience approach. Psychological Bulletin, 126, (1), 109-137. doi: 10.1037//0033- 2909.126.1.109 Oktar, N. (2006). Theory of Neuroscience. Journal of Neurological Sciences (Turkish), 23 (3), 155-158. Retrieved from http: //www. biology- online. org/articles/theory_neuroscience. html Oracle Education Foundation. (1999). Cognitive processes. Think Quest. Retrieved from http: //library. thinkquest. org/26618/en- 5.5.3=cognitive%20learning. htm Pan, A. (2005). Neuroscience of learning. PowerPoint Presentation. Retrieved from pan. intrasun. tcnj. edu/. ../Neuroscience%20of%20Learning. ppt

The Tactics Used by the U.S and the N.L.F in the Vietnam...

The Tactics Used by the U.S and the N.L.F in the Vietnam War During the Vietnam War, the United States took a completely different approach than the National Liberation Front (NLF) when it came to tactics. America was more modern in their attacks, using their air force and heavily armed ground troops. Whereas the NLF only had guerrilla fighters, who stayed on the ground and attacked quickly. The first tactic involved the US air force strategically bombing North Vietnamese targets. This included bombing army bases, bridges, railways and factories, even though North Vietnam didnt have many factories to bomb. US panes were flying 164 flying missions a day on average in early 1966. Bombs often†¦show more content†¦They did this by dropping chemical bombs that defoliated the vast amount of trees. This chemical became known as Agent Orange. This now meant that American helicopters were able to spot the enemy more easily. Although Agent Orange worked, it did effect the Vietnamese people. One effect of this chemical was that it caused cancer amongst those who used it or were affected it. It also had an effect on pregnant woman who ended up giving birth to seriously deformed children or stillborns. The war also had many psychological effects. The North Vietnamese used this as propaganda against the Americans, suggesting that they had done it deliberately to harm innocent people. But aside from this, the Americans were still struggling to have a clear view of the enemy. Because of this, they introduced another chemical bomb - Napalm. Napalm is a thick liquid, which usually contains petrol and is used in firebombs and flame-throwers. It cleared the undergrowth, which gave the US more chance of being able to spot the Vietcong from the air. Although, there was one major problem. Napalm also sticks to human skin, and gradually burns away the flesh. The Americans simply dropped it on forest, possibly forgetting that innocent peoples lives were at risk. Unsurprisingly, people were hurt- killed. In December 1966, the North Vietnamese finally permitted an American journalist to visit

How Can You Contribute To Diversity Essay Example For Students

How Can You Contribute To Diversity Essay In The Republic, Plato strives to display through the character and conversations of Socrates that justice is better than just the proper good for which men must strive for, regardless of whether they could receive equal benefit from choosing otherwise. His method is to use the dialogue from Socrates, questions which led the reader from one point to another, supposedly with convincing logic by obtaining agreement to each point before proceeding to the next, and so constructing an intriguing argument. In the beginning, his two listeners ask the question of whether justice is stronger than injustice, the consequences of the two, and what makes the first right and the second wrong. As a response, Socrates deals directly with the concept of the individuals inner goodness and decency, but also ties it to his idea of the perfect state, which is a republic of three classes of people with a developed social structure and little in the way of recreation. Although Socrates returns regularly to the concept of justice in his statements on the perfect city-state, much of it seems off topic. One of his main points, however, is that goodness is doing what is best for the greater good, rather than for individual happiness. There is a real sense in which his ideals turn on the concepts of virtue, and his belief that ultimately virtue is its own reward. His first major point is that justice is an excellence of character. He then seeks agreement that no excellence is achieved through destructive means. The function of justice is to improve human nature, which is inherently constructive. Therefore, at a minimum, justice is a form of goodness that cannot be involved in injuring someones character. Justice, in short, is a virtue, a human excellence. His next point is that acting in peace with excellence brings happiness. Then he ties excellence to ones function. His examples are those of the senses each sensory organ is excellent if it performs its function, as the eye sees, the ear hears. Therefore, the just person is a happy person is a person who performs his function. Since these are tied together, injustice can never exceed these virtues and so justice is stronger and is the good. However, Socrates does not stop there. He goes on to examine the question of the nature of justice and the just life. He identifies the three of the Athenian virtues: wisdom, courage, self discipline. For the bulk of the book, he looks at each virtue separately in terms of the perfect state, but our focus is on justice. But he makes the point that justice, resides in mans relations to other men, not just in man as an individual. So justice which must be connected to the function of efficient and healthful cooperation. Justice is in one sense the greatest virtue for it is key to making the other virtues work together for the common good. If all the parts are to work together as a whole, each must have on function to excel at. Like the organs of the body, all contribute to the whole, but the eyes only see, the ears only hear. They do not share functions. Using this analogy, justice would be something like the moral mind which guides the body in its activities. Justice, then is the head , at the top of the hierarchy in social terms. When the three virtues work together in orderly fashion within the state, justice is produced. But for justice to be produced, it must come from everyone doing his assigned function under the excellent guidance of the ruling class. .ua9f273771636ab2fdd0d07a58a02d25a , .ua9f273771636ab2fdd0d07a58a02d25a .postImageUrl , .ua9f273771636ab2fdd0d07a58a02d25a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua9f273771636ab2fdd0d07a58a02d25a , .ua9f273771636ab2fdd0d07a58a02d25a:hover , .ua9f273771636ab2fdd0d07a58a02d25a:visited , .ua9f273771636ab2fdd0d07a58a02d25a:active { border:0!important; } .ua9f273771636ab2fdd0d07a58a02d25a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua9f273771636ab2fdd0d07a58a02d25a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua9f273771636ab2fdd0d07a58a02d25a:active , .ua9f273771636ab2fdd0d07a58a02d25a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua9f273771636ab2fdd0d07a58a02d25a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua9f273771636ab2fdd0d07a58a02d25a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua9f273771636ab2fdd0d07a58a02d25a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua9f273771636ab2fdd0d07a58a02d25a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua9f273771636ab2fdd0d07a58a02d25a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua9f273771636ab2fdd0d07a58a02d25a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua9f273771636ab2fdd0d07a58a02d25a .ua9f273771636ab2fdd0d07a58a02d25a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua9f273771636ab2fdd0d07a58a02d25a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Procrastination EssayDespite his emphasis of justice as a function of the perfect state, Socrates also deals with justice as a personal issue. He finds that there is a parallel between the organization of the state and the organization of the individual. Just as there are three virtues, Socrates finds three parts in the individual soul sensation, emotion, intelligence. The just person, then must have balance between these aspects. Each must function in moderation to contribute to the health of the whole. Appetite and sensation are matters of desire. Desire must be subordinate to reason, or else they will throw the individual out of balance and lead him into injustice and unhappiness. Emotion (spirit and will) also can master desire. The alliance of emotion and reason is similar, Socrates says, to the rulers and the guardians in the state. Thus, the individual is a miniature state, and justice in the soul is like justice in the state. In the opposite case, the situation of the unjust, whether state or individual, desires hold a tyranny. Because there is a not enough internal control, outside things move the unjust around at will. Thus the unjust lives a life of fear and anxiety, the fruit of being out of control. Socrates asserts that only the man of reason has pure pleasures. All others have varying degrees of unhappiness. By associating the philosopher with the man of pure reason, he sets up a situation where proof is not so much necessary for any of his points as it is to say that the philosopher, the only one who sees clearly, says so. Interestingly, Socrates couches a form of tyranny in terms which are intended to seem generous. Since happiness is the sign of justice, and pleasure is one sign of happiness, then the just person is the happy person. Interestingly, he equates true pleasure with knowledge, the province of reason and the philosopher. Finally, in Book The Republic, Socrates argues for the existence of an immortal soul. With this recognition, he makes the point that good is that which preserves and benefits. Justice is good, so it therefore reserves and benefits in this life as well as the next. Therefore, even though a man may wish to behave badly when no one is looking, in fact, behaving justly will have the most rewards. Ultimately, the difficulty with Socrates arguments is that they rely on associating things on to the next in a chain that eventually leads back to the original proposition. But the logic of these connections seems built more on assumptions than on objective truth. This is in keeping with his stance that ultimately what he says is right is right because he is a philosopher, and therefore is by his nature right. The dialectic seems more of a game to get the reader to go along.

Street Advertising Is Visual Pollution Essay Example

Street Advertising Is Visual Pollution Paper Afternoon everyone, the topic of this debate is that billboards and street advertising are visual pollution and as the affirmative side agree with this statement. Street advertising is the broad terminology used for advertisements that are located on billboards, bus benches or the sides of transport. Visual pollution is an aesthetic issue referring to unattractive visual elements of a landscape, or anything that a person doesnt feel comfortable to look at for example a billboard. I believe that street advertising is visual pollution and that it should be banned in cities for a number of reasons. Firstly, businesses dont really need billboards to boost sales. Secondly, digital billboards are a hazard to drivers and lastly, Finally they clutter and ruin the environment. In 2006 Braziers largest city San Paolo passed a clean city law which caused for the removal for all forms of outdoor advertising in the city. The governments goals were to reduce visual pollution, improve the quality of life for their citizens and prevent accidents on the roads. It has also encouraged other cities to follow suit, in 2007 Buenos Aries removed 40 thousand billboards in the metro area alone, and was only 60 percent of the billboards displayed. Many companies fought to get this bill overturned but the government held strong. The negative side might try to tell you that by removing these billboards businesses would suffer greatly but this is in reality incorrect. A survey this year of citizens in San Paolo said that the clean city law has actually been beneficial to businesses, both big and small. We will write a custom essay sample on Street Advertising Is Visual Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Street Advertising Is Visual Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Street Advertising Is Visual Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It has forced them to think outside the box, to reevaluate and improve, and they are finding that strategies that were previously unconventional are working amazingly well especially online advertising. The new technology for companies is the digital billboard, where every 5 seconds or so the billboard changed an a new advert pops up. The only great thing about that which can see is that companies that own that billboard can make more money by selling the space to multiple advertisers. The government has already made rules about us not being able to use our mobile phones or pods whilst driving to help us focus on the road, but what do you do when the road becomes a distraction in itself? No matter how hard you try a you cannot help but be distracted by a this flashing light. So, what I am trying to say is that billboards are distractions, especially for men. According to car accident advice line in Britain 15,000 accidents were caused by people getting distracted simply because of the scenery, and billboards arent helping. Take truck driver Harry Dourly for example, he managed to keep concentration whilst driving by the wonder-bra billboard but it was the next one which caused him to crash his 7. 5 tone lorry causing serious injuries to himself and three other people and are you wondering which ad caused the distraction. It was for toothpaste, so pretty much any billboard can be a distraction on the roads. Finally billboards are eyesores which ruin the landscape. Buildings especially ones that are heritage listed or of particular prominence deserve to be seen by the public and not cluttered with propaganda. In Jungian in Japan along their main highways their are 7,000 billboards. Going back in San Paulo before the ban you couldnt even recognizes the architecture of the old buildings because of billboards, logos and propaganda that covered almost every available wall say one citizen. The billboards were actually being used as block out to cover some of the shantytown in the are, now that they have been removed the government has focused more of their money on building these areas and improving the living standards of those people now that they have been brought into plain sight. In conclusion, as the affirmative side I believe that billboards are visual pollution and they should be banned in cities, for many reasons. Billboards are hazardous to drivers and are causing more accidents on the roads every year, especially the digital billboards. They are eyesore and if not heavily restricted they are erected all over the town, many illegally and finally businesses dont really need billboards to boost sales since other methods have been proven to be just as effective.